古蘭經書頁
Qur'an page
13-14世紀，馬穆魯克王朝，埃及和敘利亞地區，紙、金箔、藍色染料、墨水
13th-14th Century, Mamluks, Egypt and Syria region, Paper, Gold foil, Blue pigment, Ink
這張古蘭經書頁是古蘭經抄本上脫落或拆解下來的一頁，是我館所藏的書頁中歷史較古者，距今已有超過700年歷史。此書頁兩面都有優雅、清晰的穆哈蓋（muhaqqaq）體書法，書寫的是古蘭經2:97-101的內容。頁面上有用於標註段落和節的金色和藍色兩種圓章。
根據本館工作人員對書法體、頁面裝飾的研究和與同類其他作品的比對，本書頁製作於約西元13-14世紀，是台灣十分少見、有相當價值的伊斯蘭書法書頁藏品。
書頁的正面（無藍色圓章的是正面）為古蘭經2:97的後半部分內容和98和99節的內容，背面則是100和101節，其中文大意如下：
2：97
……向信士們報喜
2：98
凡是仇視安拉、眾天使、眾使者、哲布里勒（Jibril）和米卡勒（Mikal）的人，需要知道安拉是仇視悖逆者的。
2：99
我的確已經將許多的跡象降給你，只有犯罪的人不歸信。
2：100
他們每次締結盟約，不是就有一些人拋棄它嗎？他們中的大多數人是不歸信的。
2：101
當一個能證實他們所有經典的使者從安拉那裡來臨他們時，有一部分有經人，把安拉的經典棄之背後，好像他們什麼都不知道一樣。
在頁面上，我們可以看到兩種圓形標記，它們都是古蘭經抄本上十分常見的標記符號，用來標示段落和經文結尾。
每一個金色的花章都代表一節經文的末尾。
本張書頁背面還有一個藍色的大圓章（註頭），圓形內圈用金色裝飾，寫了阿拉伯文ashara字樣，意思是：“十”。也就是說，每隔十節經文，就會有這樣的一個註頭做出標示。
This Qur'an page is one of the oldest Qur'an pages in our museum collection, it was detached or disassembled from a Qur'an manuscript, with elegant, clear muhaqqaq script calligraphy on both sides for Qur'an verses 2:97-101. The pages are marked with gold and blue roundels that are used to mark end of 10 verses and end of each verse.
According to our researchers' study on its calligraphic style, page decoration, and with comparison to other works of the same type, this page is a 13th-14th century work. It is a very rare and valuable Islamic calligraphy page collected in Taiwan.
The front of the page (the front without the blue medallion) contains the second half of Qur'an 2:97 and verses 98 and 99, while the back contains verses 100 and 101.
2:97
… and good news for the believers.
2:98
Whoever is an enemy of Allah, His angels, His messengers, Gabriel, and Michael, then ˹let them know that˺ Allah is certainly the enemy of the disbelievers.
2:99
Indeed, We have sent down to you ˹O Prophet˺ clear revelations. ˹But˺ none will deny them except the rebellious.
2:100
Why is it that every time they make a covenant, a group of them casts it aside? In fact, most of them do not believe.
2:101
Now, when a messenger from Allah has come to them—confirming their own Scriptures—some of the People of the Book cast the Book of Allah behind their backs as if they did not know.
On the page, we can see two types of roundels, both of which are very common in Qur'an manuscript, used to mark the ending of 10 verses and endings of each verse.
Each of the gold flower symbol represents the end of a verse.
On the back of this page is a large blue circle (header) with a golden inner circle and the Arabic word ashara, meaning "ten". In other words, every tenth verse is marked with such a header.
穆哈蓋體
Muhaqqaq Script
這一幅古蘭經抄本上的書法使用了和本館藏品相同的書法體，這種書法體被稱作“穆哈蓋體（muhaqqaq script）”，其特點是字體大而美、清晰可辨，是十分適合用來抄寫古蘭經的書法體。是伊斯蘭書法中的六種基本書法體（Six Pens）之一。
The calligraphic style in this picture used same script as the one in our collection, which is called "muhaqqaq script" and is characterized by its large, beautiful and legible strokes and plan, making it a suitable script for copying the holy Qur'an. The muhaqqaq script is one of the six basic calligraphic styles in Islamic calligraphy called the “Six Pens”.
古蘭經文書法掛飾
Qur’anic Verse Calligraphy Hanging Frame
20世紀，印刷，土耳其
20th Century, Printed, Turkey
這個書法掛飾來自土耳其，上面有當代著名書法家哈桑·切勒比（Hasan Chelebi）的書法作品，內容出自古蘭經49:13的內容：“眾人啊！我確已從一男一女創造你們，我使你們成為許多民族和宗族，以便你們互相認識。在真主看來，你們中最尊貴者，是你們中最敬畏者。真主確是全知的，確是徹知的。”
作品頁面邊緣處的花草紋樣及鍍金出自裝幀畫家利卡特·昆特（Rikkat Kunt）女士之手,這種傳統裝飾風格被稱作“Khalkari”。
哈桑·切勒比1937年生於土耳其的埃爾祖魯姆，是當代著名的伊斯蘭書法藝術家，師從哈米德·阿伊塔赤（Hamid Aytaç）。哈桑·切勒比被譽為古典奧斯曼書法風格的最重要大師之一。著名的美國伊斯蘭書法家穆罕默德·扎卡利亞（Mohammed Zakariya）也是哈桑·切勒比之徒。
This Qur’anic verse calligraphy hanging frame is from Turkiye. The calligraphy shown in the center is a quote of the Holy Quran, verse 13 of Sourah 49 (Al-Hujurat):﴾ وَجَعَلْنَاكُمْ شُعُوبًا وَقَبَائِلَ لِتَعَارَفُوا إِنَّ أَكْرَمَكُمْ عِندَ اللَّهِ أَتْقَاكُمْ ﴿“O mankind, We have made you into nations and tribes that you might get to know one another. Surely the noblest of you in the sight of Allah is he who is the most righteous.”.
Work of calligraphy composed by Mr. Hasan Çelebi and illuminated by Mrs. Rikkat Kunt, both master artists from Turkey, and printed on paper. Its illumination and gilding is the classical style known as Khalkari.
Hasan Çelebi, born 1937 in Erzurum, Turkey, is a Turkish master of Islamic calligraphy. He is a student of Hamid Aytaç. Çelebi has devoted his whole life to calligraphy, and has been described as one of the most celebrated masters of classical Ottoman calligraphy style. Distinguished calligraphy artist Mohammed Zakariya from the US, is also a student of Hasan Çelebi.
哲布里勒
Jibril
這段古蘭經的內容裡提到了哲布里勒（Jibril），也就是在猶太教和基督教傳統中提到的天使長加百列。天使哲布里勒在伊斯蘭教中擁有重要的地位，因為真主派遣了哲布里勒來向先知穆罕默德轉述和教授古蘭經。
圖中的場景就是奧斯曼帝國蘇丹穆拉德（Murâd III）時期繪製的《先知傳》（Siyar-i Nabi）的插畫，畫面中有翅膀的就是天使哲布里勒。
This Quranic text mentions Jibril ﷺ , the Archangel Gabriel, who is an important figure in Jewish and Christian traditions as well. The Angel Jibril ﷺ played an important role in Islam because God sent him to narrate and teach the Qur'an to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ.
The scene in this picture is an illustrated page of the Prophet's biographic literature called Siyar-i Nabi, painted during the reign of Ottoman Sultan Murâd III, Angel Jibril is shown as a winged figure.
米卡勒
Mikal
米卡勒 ﷺ 也是伊斯蘭教中地位尊貴的四大天使之一，這一位天使是負責將慈愛送至人間的天使，負責給人們的身體和飲食中帶來營養，大地得到雨水滋養等來自真主的慈憫。在猶太教、基督教傳統中，他的名字是“米迦勒”。
Mikal is one of the four major angels in Islam who is in charge of sending rahma (God's Grace) to mankind. His name is Michael in Jewish and Christian traditions.
古蘭經
Qur'an
伊斯蘭教和猶太教、基督教同為一神論宗教。 儘管三個宗教都信仰一個神（上帝），但每個宗教都有自己的經典作為其宗教的核心。 希伯來聖經和新約分別是猶太教和基督教的經典，古蘭經是伊斯蘭教的經典。
根據伊斯蘭的教義，古蘭經是真主命令大天使哲布利勒（加百列）ﷺ 以阿拉伯語、在23年的時段裡分批傳授給先知穆罕默德 ﷺ 的。這些神啟的內容即為穆斯林奉為圭臬的《古蘭經》。
當今全世界有十多億穆斯林，伊斯蘭也是全世界增長速度最快的宗教。信仰伊斯蘭的穆斯林將古蘭經視為個人生活方式的準則，許可和不許可的最終圭臬，對待古蘭經的態度極其嚴謹而尊重。從西元七世紀起至今，世界各地都不斷湧現出能將古蘭經全文背誦於心的人，成為在穆斯林社群中極受尊敬的“哈菲茲”（意為“保存者”）。對於穆斯林來說，古蘭經的文本被認為是神的話語，信徒會按照有章可循的誦讀傳統將經文朗讀出來；在歷史上，抄寫古蘭經的書法也形成了一門具有尊貴地位的藝術門類和書法傳統。
在很大程度上，抄寫古蘭經的歷史就是阿拉伯文字的歷史。 因為，在抄寫古蘭經時，書法家發展了多種風格的書法體。阿拉伯語從右到左書寫，由二十九個字母組成，屬於閃語系（包括希伯來語、阿拉姆語和敘利亞語）。所有這些語言的一個共同特徵是它們的字母幾乎完全由輔音組成，元音符號只是在以後添加以方便閱讀。因此我們可以在本次展出的文物上看到如“ـَ”、“ ـِ”和“ـُ”的標記，這些就是元音符號，標註在古蘭經文上，幫助讀者正確誦讀。
Along with Judaism and Christianity, Islam is the latest monotheistic religion. Although all three religions believe in one God, each has its own scriptures as the core of its religion. The Hebrew Bible and the New Testament are the classics of Judaism and Christianity respectively, while the Qur'an is the Holy Book of Islam.
According to Islamic doctrine, the Qur'an was revealed to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ through the Archangel Jibril (Gabriel) ﷺ. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ received these divine revelations gradually since 610 CE to his death in the year 632. These revelations became the content of Qur'an and being highly respected by all Muslims.
There are more than one billion Muslims in the world today, and Islam is being the fastest growing religion globally. Muslims regard the Qur'an as the ultimate guideline for personal lifestyle, and it is the final source of permission and disapproval. Muslims treat the Qur'an with the utmost respect and care. From the seventh century to the present, there have been many people around the world who have memorized the whole Qur'an by heart and have become highly respected "hafiz" (meaning "preserver") in Muslim communities. For Muslims, the text of the Qur'an is considered to be the word of God and is recited by believers according to a structured tradition of recitation; historically, the writing of the Qur'an has also formed a prestigious art and tradition of calligraphy.
To a large extent, the history of Qur'an codification can be seen as the history of Arabic script. In copying the Qur'anic text, calligraphers developed a variety of styles of calligraphy. The Arabic language, written from right to left, consists of twenty-nine letters and belongs to the Semitic family (including Hebrew, Aramaic, and Syriac languages). A common feature of all these languages is that their alphabets are composed almost entirely of consonants, with vowel symbols added later to facilitate reading. Thus, we can see on this Qur'an page the marks such as "ـَ", "ـِ" and "ـُ", which are diacritical symbols to signify vowels to help readers recite them correctly.
伊朗詩人內扎米（Nizami）《五卷書》（Khamsa）中的插畫，16世紀，收藏於大英圖書館
Illustration of
Khamsa by Nizami, 16th century, British Library collection
Source:
British Library
登宵夜行
al-Miraj al-isra
在一幅描繪了先知和天使的16世紀畫作中，我們可以看到畫家描繪出的登宵夜行（al-Miraj al-isra）的場景。
為什麼先知穆罕默德ﷺ的面容是遮蓋起來的？
在伊斯蘭世界的繪畫中，為了避免偶像崇拜之嫌，因此對於列位先知的面容的處理方式常採取謹慎、尊敬的態度。但是在伊斯蘭世界的東部和奧斯曼帝國，也存在沒有遮蓋先知面孔的畫作。
在《五卷書》中的先知登宵的場景描繪中，出現了許多天使的造型，他們手上拿著不同的器物，這裡面代表了穆斯林對於先知穆罕默德ﷺ角色的理解。
其中左下角的天使手中拿著一個和本館常設展櫃中的清真寺吊燈相似的吊燈，這裡象征的是先知是一盞帶來光明啟示的明燈，引人走上受到真主喜悅的正道並獲得天園的美好結局。
持燈天使的下方，有一個天使手持黃銅色的香爐。這是象征先知的人格和品德如麝香一般馨香。
位於畫面的左上方，一名天使手中拿著綠色的斗篷，這件斗篷今天被收藏在土耳其伊斯坦堡的舊皇宮博物館中，象征著穆罕默德ﷺ的先知、傳訊息者的地位。
在畫面的右邊，還可以看到一個天使手中抱著一本黑色的書，那象征的是真主的話語——古蘭經，它被啟示給了先知穆罕默德ﷺ用以引導世人。
In a 16th century painting depicting prophet Muhammadﷺ and an angel, we can see the artist's depiction of the Miraculous Night Journey called al-Miraj al-isra.
Why is the face of Prophet Muhammadﷺ covered?
In illustration traditions of the Islamic world, the faces of the prophets are often treated with caution and respect without facial depiction in order to avoid idolatry. However, in the eastern part of the Islamic world and the Ottoman Empire, there are also paintings that do not cover the faces of the prophets.
In this illustration from the Khamsa depicting the Night Journey, there are many angels holding different objects, representing Muslims' understanding of the role of the Prophet Muhammadﷺ.
The angel in the lower left corner is holding a lamp similar to the mosque lamp in our museum's display, which symbolizes the Prophet as a light that brings enlightenment and leads people to the right path that is pleasing to God and a good ending in the Paradise.
Below the lamp holding angel, there is an angel holding a brass incense burner. This is a symbol of the fragrance of the Prophet's character and virtue like musk.
At the top left of the picture, an angel is holding a green cloak, which is held in the Topkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul, Turkiye, symbolizing the Prophet's status as the messenger of God.
On the right side of the image, an angel can be seen holding a black book, symbolizing the Qur'an, the word of God, which was revealed to Prophet Muhammadﷺ to guide the humankind.
